Success attributions and more: multidimensional extensions of the sexual attribution bias to failure attributions, social emotions, and the desire for social interaction.

According to the recently discovered sexual attribution bias (SAB), young adults attribute the success of same-aged, same-sex attractive stimulus persons in a more derogative way than the success of less attractive same-sex persons, whereas this pattern is reversed for members of the opposite sex. Because this bias has so far only been investigated with respect to attributions in success scenarios, two studies examined its potential transferability to other psychological variables and settings: Study 1 (N = 419) demonstrated analogous biases for emotions and the desire for social interaction, and Study 2 (N = 509) revealed that the SAB can also be extended to failure scenarios.

Which thoughts can kill a boxer? naive theories about cognitive and emotional antecedents of suicide.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated naive theories regarding the association among beliefs, emotions and behaviours to test Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy's (REBT) assumption that rational cognitions and adaptive emotions lead to functional behaviours whereas irrational cognitions and maladaptive emotions trigger dysfunctional reactions. DESIGN: We applied an experimental between-subjects design. METHODS: Participants read newspaper articles about the defeat of a boxer. In one condition, the authentic article informed participants that he committed suicide and in the other, a fictitious article about the same defeat described the athlete as successfully continuing his career. Different question formats were employed to assess participants' assumptions about the stimulus person's defeat-related cognitions and emotions: rating scales, sentence completion and free responses. RESULTS: Participants assumed significantly more irrational beliefs (e.g. I absolutely have to win) on the side of the boxer in the suicide scenario than in the non-suicide version. This finding was obtained by directive and non-directive assessment methods. Additionally, participants expected the suicidal stimulus person to be experiencing maladaptive emotions (e.g. depression, guilt) whereas a successful resumption of his career lead to expectations of adaptive affects (e.g. sadness, concern). Ratings of the functionality revealed that sadness, fear, annoyance and concern were expected to be more functional than depression, anxiety, rage and guilt. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that naive psychological theories about the antecedents of dysfunctional behaviour are in accordance with theoretical assumptions of REBT: Irrational beliefs are viewed to be connected with maladaptive emotions and to result in dysfunctional behaviour, and adaptive emotions are thought to be of higher functional value than their maladaptive counterparts. The use of different question formats and a between-subject design excluded that results are due to methodological artifacts or contrast effects.

Ability, luck, and looks: an evolutionary look at achievement ascriptions and the sexual attribution bias.

Female and male participants (in their early 20s) attributed the success of same-aged (Study 1A-1C) male and female stimulus persons of varying attractiveness to ability, effort, luck, and looks. Consistent with the evolutionary prediction that mating motivation and intrasexual competition determine achievement ascriptions, female participants explained the success of attractive women with luck more and with ability less (i.e., in a derogative way) than they explained the success of less attractive female stimulus persons. However, when the stimulus person was male, women attributed his success to ability more and to luck less (i.e., glorifying) when he was attractive than when he was unattractive. Male participants made derogative attributions for attractive male stimulus persons and unattractive female stimulus persons and glorifying ascriptions for unattractive male stimulus persons and attractive female stimulus persons. We label this pattern of findings sexual attribution bias. The bias disappeared when prepuberty stimulus persons were used as targets (Study 2) and reversed for gay men (Study 3).

Cognitions as determinants of (mal)adaptive emotions and emotionally intelligent behavior in an organizational context / Las cogniciones como determinantes de las emociones (mal) adaptativas y del comportamiento emocionalmente inteligente en el contexto organizacional

This study applies the theoretical concepts of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT; Ellis, 1962, 1994) to the analysis of functional and dysfunctional behaviour and emotions in the workplace and tests central assumptions of REBT in an organizational setting. We argue that Ellis' appraisal theory of emotion sheds light on some of the cognitive and emotional antecedents of emotional intelligence and emotionally intelligent behaviour. In an extension of REBT, we posit that adaptive emotions resulting from rational cognitions reflect more emotional intelligence than maladaptive emotions which result from irrational cognitions, because the former lead to functional behaviour. We hypothesize that semantically similar emotions (e.g. annoyance and rage) lead to different behavioural reactions and have a different functionality in an organizational context. The results of scenario experiments using organizational vignettes confirm the central assumptions of Ellis' appraisal theory and support our hypotheses of a correspondence between adaptive emotions and emotionally intelligent behaviour. Additionally, we find evidence that irrational job-related attitudes result in reduced work (but not life) satisfaction

Este estudio aplica los conceptos teóricos de la Terapia Racional Emotiva Conductual (TREC; Ellis, 1962, 1994) al análisis del comportamiento y las emociones funcionales y disfuncionales en el lugar de trabajo y pone a prueba las asunciones centrales de la TREC en un escenario organizacional. Proponemos que la teoría de valoración de la emoción de Ellis arroja luz sobre algunos de los antecedentes cognitivos y emocionales de la inteligencia emocional y del comportamiento emocionalmente inteligente. Como extensión de la TREC, postulamos que las emociones adaptativas producto de las cogniciones racionales reflejan más la inteligencia emocional que las emociones mal adaptativas (no adaptativas) que son producto de las cogniciones irracionales, porque las primeras llevan al comportamiento funcional. Hipotetizamos que emociones semánticamente similares (e. g., enojo y rabia) llevan a reacciones comportamentales diferentes y tienen una funcionalidad distinta en un contexto organizacional. Los resultados de experimentos con escenarios utilizando viñetas organizacionales confirman las asunciones centrales de la teoría de evaluación de Ellis y apoyan nuestras hipótesis de correspondencia entre emociones adaptativas y comportamiento emocionalmente inteligente. Además, encontramos evidencias de que las actitudes irracionales relacionadas con el trabajo reducen la satisfacción con el trabajo (pero no con la vida)

Cognitions as determinants of (mal)adaptive emotions and emotionally intelligent behavior in an organizational context.

This study applies the theoretical concepts of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT; Ellis, 1962, 1994) to the analysis of functional and dysfunctional behaviour and emotions in the workplace and tests central assumptions of REBT in an organizational setting. We argue that Ellis' appraisal theory of emotion sheds light on some of the cognitive and emotional antecedents of emotional intelligence and emotionally intelligent behaviour. In an extension of REBT, we posit that adaptive emotions resulting from rational cognitions reflect more emotional intelligence than maladaptive emotions which result from irrational cognitions, because the former lead to functional behaviour. We hypothesize that semantically similar emotions (e.g. annoyance and rage) lead to different behavioural reactions and have a different functionality in an organizational context. The results of scenario experiments using organizational vignettes confirm the central assumptions of Ellis' appraisal theory and support our hypotheses of a correspondence between adaptive emotions and emotionally intelligent behaviour. Additionally, we find evidence that irrational job-related attitudes result in reduced work (but not life) satisfaction.